清洁生产审核在氮肥企业的应用

某氮肥企业通过开展清洁生产审核,确定以节水、减少废水及水污染物排放量为目标,将企业供排水系统作为本轮清洁生产审核的重点,针对审核重点制定了定量的清洁生产审核目标,通过清洁生产方案的实施实现了环境效益、社会效益与经济效益的统一,为氮肥企业实施清洁生产提供了良好的借鉴。     

富营养化水体内源磷释放和稳定化研究进展

水体富营养化是当今世界面临的一个严峻的环境问题,很多研究表明:水体沉积物中磷的释放是引起富营养化的主要因素,因此国内外很多学者对水体沉积物中磷形态,磷释放的影响因素和控制技术进行了研究。研究发现:pH、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位和扰动等环境因子对沉积物中磷的释放均有影响,但其影响程度不同。国外关于水体沉积物中磷的控制技术的研究比较多,其中包括供氧技术、原位控制技术和覆盖技术等,还有近几年发现的水生植物控制技术,但国内对沉积物污染控制技术的研究还停留在实验探索阶段,应用的很少。     

基质类型及季节变化对人工湿地氮去除效果的影响

考察了基质类型及季节变化对人工湿地氮去除效果的影响,结果显示:基质类型对水平潜流人工湿地氮的去除效果有显著影响,煤渣基质比组合基质更利于提高人工湿地对氮的去除效果;季节不同,人工湿地氮的去除效果存在差异,平均去除率由高到低的顺序为:夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季.     

活性黄染料废水脱色动力研究

本文采用草酸铁法（UV/Fe（C2O4）33-/H2 O2）氧化活性黄染料废水,其动力学模型为拟一级动力学反应,反应速率常数分别为0.01084 s-1,通过动力学研究方法获得染料废水脱色反应的半衰期为68s;考察了pH值和反应温度的变化对氧化反应动力学的影响,初始pH值在3.0～4.0之间,对于草酸铁法羟自由基氧化脱...     

四丰山水库富营养化状况

通过对四丰山水库2006至2010年监测数据的统计,分析水库水质富营养化状况,指出水质富营养化的危害,并提出避免水质恶化的建议.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg·hm-2(LN)、240 kg·hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期N素含量、N素吸收、N素分配和N素利用效率的影响.结果表明:①农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期植株...     

硫磺/石灰石自养反硝化系统脱氮除磷性能研究

为了考察硫磺/石灰石系统对于低C/N的城市污水进行同步脱氮除磷的性能,设计了体积比为1∶1的硫磺/石灰石柱式反应器,以人工配水为处理对象,采用厌氧生物滤池运行方式,研究了HRT、初始磷浓度、pH、温度等因素对其脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,在进水NO 3^--N为30 mg/L左右,PO4^3--P为15 mg/L条件...     

鸟粪石法回收养猪废水中磷时pH对沉淀物组分的影响

采用鸟粪石沉淀法对养猪废水中的磷进行回收,应用红外光谱和X射线衍射法,并结合物料衡算研究pH变化对沉淀物组分的影响.结果表明,当pH由8.0升至9.0时,磷去除率从85%增加到94%;pH在9.0～11.0范围,磷去除率稳定在94%左右;当pH升高至12.0,磷去除率急剧下降至70％.沉淀物组分为鸟粪石(MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O)、 钾型鸟粪石(MgKPO₄·6H₂O)、 Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O和Mg(OH)₂,不含有硫酸盐和碳酸盐.当pH<9.0,沉淀物组分主要为鸟粪石;pH在9.0～10.0范围时,鸟粪石含量降低,钾型鸟粪石、 Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O含量呈逐渐增加趋势;pH由10.0升至12.0时,鸟粪石含量急剧下降,Ca₃(PO₄)₂·xH₂O和Mg(OH)₂含量快速增加,而钾型鸟粪石快速增加并在pH 11.0达到最大后急剧下降.因此,回收养猪废水中的磷时要获得纯度高的鸟粪石产品,pH值应控制在8.0～9.0.     

Effects of site-selection bias on estimates of biodiversity change

Estimates of biodiversity change are essential for the management and conservation of ecosystems. Accurate estimates rely on selecting representative sites, but monitoring often focuses on sites of special interest. How such site-selection biases influence estimates of biodiversity change is largely unknown. Site-selection bias potentially occurs across four major sources of biodiversity data, decreasing in likelihood from citizen science, museums, national park monitoring, and academic research. We defined site-selection bias as a preference for sites that are either densely populated (i.e., abundance bias) or species rich (i.e., richness bias). We simulated biodiversity change in a virtual landscape and tracked the observed biodiversity at a sampled site. The site was selected either randomly or with a site-selection bias. We used a simple spatially resolved, individual-based model to predict the movement or dispersal of individuals in and out of the chosen sampling site. Site-selection bias exaggerated estimates of biodiversity loss in sites selected with a bias by on average 300–400% compared with randomly selected sites. Based on our simulations, site-selection bias resulted in positive trends being estimated as negative trends: richness increase was estimated as 0.1 in randomly selected sites, whereas sites selected with a bias showed a richness change of −0.1 to −0.2 on average. Thus, site-selection bias may falsely indicate decreases in biodiversity. We varied sampling design and characteristics of the species and found that site-selection biases were strongest in short time series, for small grains, organisms with low dispersal ability, large regional species pools, and strong spatial aggregation. Based on these findings, to minimize site-selection bias, we recommend use of systematic site-selection schemes; maximizing sampling area; calculating biodiversity measures cumulatively across plots; and use of biodiversity measures that are less sensitive to rare species, such as the effective number of species. Awareness of the potential impact of site-selection bias is needed for biodiversity monitoring, the design of new studies on biodiversity change, and the interpretation of existing data.     

粗枝云杉不同径级根系分解过程中4种养分元素的释放特征

植物根系分解是养分元素进入土壤的重要途径之一.为了解径级对根系分解过程中养分元素释放的潜在影响,以川西亚高山针叶林中的粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为对象,采用原位分解试验,研究云杉3个径级(0-2 mm,2-5 mm和5-10 mm)根系分解过程中钾(K)、钠(Na)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)元素的浓度、残留率和释放率动态特征.结果表明:4种元素在冬季和生长季节释放模式不同,除Na和Ca外,其他两种元素冬季的释放率大于生长季;径级对根系元素浓度和残留率有显著影响,随着径级的增大,元素浓度通常会降低,元素残留率则有增加的趋势,K和Ca尤为明显;分解两年后,K、Na、Ca和Mg分别释放了84%-87%、62%-70%、2%-26%和34%-56%.综上所述,径级显著影响川西亚高山粗枝云杉根系养分元素的释放特征,径级效应与元素种类和季节动态有关联.(图3表1参51)